Skip to content
ProPublica Donate
ProPublica Donate

Newburgh Heights Community School Foundation Inc

  • Newburgh Heights, OH
  • Tax-exempt since Feb. 2002
  • EIN: 34-1906743

Organization summary

Type of Nonprofit

Designated as a Organizations for any of the following purposes: religious, educational, charitable, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sports competition (as long as it doesn't provide athletic facilities or equipment), or the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.

Category: Educational Institutions and Related Activities / Elementary, Secondary Education, K - 12 (B29) (NTEE)

Donations to this organization are tax deductible.

Details

According to its June 2023 tax filing, this nonprofit:

Operated a school
Organization is a school. Details are reported on Schedule E.

Summary charts: organization finances over time

Revenue
$2.49M (2023)

Expenses
$2.57M (2023)

Total Assets
$3.35M (2023)

Total Liabilities
$2.21M (2023)

Source: Form 990 tax filings from 2011 to 2023

Tax Filings by Year

Form 990 is an information return that most organizations claiming federal tax-exempt status must file yearly with the IRS. Nonprofit Explorer has IRS digitized Form 990 data for filings processed in 2012 and later. If this organization filed an amended return, it may not be reflected below. Duplicate download links may indicate a resubmission or amendment to this organization's original return. Form 990 data is from the IRS.

Fiscal Year Ending June
2023

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,488,266
Expenses
$2,571,177
Net Income
-$82,911
Net Assets
$1,140,924
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,457,217
98.8%
Program Services $24,330
1.0%
Investment Income $6,719
0.3%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $86,663
3.4%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $877,874
34.1%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $3,349,157
Total Liabilities $2,208,233
Net Assets $1,140,924
Other
Operated a school
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Cristy Madkins (Principal) $80,785 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Board Member) $1,237 $0 $0
Margaret Mac Learue (Board Member) $1,237 $0 $0
Charlene Reed (Board Member) $1,125 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Board Member) $1,125 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Board Member) $1,124 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 7, 2024

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2022

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,620,388
Expenses
$1,940,871
Net Income
$679,517
Net Assets
$1,549,931
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,431,846
92.8%
Program Services $0
Investment Income $547
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $187,995
7.2%
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $79,373
4.1%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $850,224
43.8%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $3,821,033
Total Liabilities $2,271,102
Net Assets $1,549,931
Other
Operated a school
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Cristy Madkins (Principal) $79,373 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Reed (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
Margaret Mac Learie (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 2, 2023

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2021

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,140,318
Expenses
$1,568,757
Net Income
$571,561
Net Assets
$870,414
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,108,254
98.5%
Program Services $31,023
1.4%
Investment Income $1,041
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $80,500
5.1%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $585,033
37.3%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $3,521,112
Total Liabilities $2,650,698
Net Assets $870,414
Other
Operated a school
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Cristy Madkins (Principle) $75,000 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,125 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,125 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,000 $0 $0
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on April 15, 2022

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2020

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,093,651
Expenses
$1,734,311
Net Income
$359,340
Net Assets
$298,853
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,060,334
98.4%
Program Services $23,192
1.1%
Investment Income $10,125
0.5%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $82,313
4.7%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $642,248
37.0%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $2,982,018
Total Liabilities $2,683,165
Net Assets $298,853
Other
Operated a school
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Karil Stohlman (Principle) $75,188 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,500 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,500 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,500 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,375 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 14, 2021

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2019

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,088,981
Expenses
$1,587,293
Net Income
$501,688
Net Assets
-$60,487
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,082,185
99.7%
Program Services $3,362
0.2%
Investment Income $3,434
0.2%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $92,035
5.8%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $702,811
44.3%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $2,758,676
Total Liabilities $2,819,163
Net Assets -$60,487
Other
Operated a school
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Karil Stohlman (Principle Starting 6/1/18) $75,400 $0 $0
Robert Horrocks (Director Of Ed Til 6/3/18) $7,943 $0 $0
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $2,577 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,375 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,365 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,125 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,125 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 6, 2020

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2018

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,090,019
Expenses
$2,068,352
Net Income
$21,667
Net Assets
-$562,175
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,084,919
99.8%
Program Services $3,792
0.2%
Investment Income $1,308
0.1%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $187,764
9.1%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $576,183
27.9%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $2,705,612
Total Liabilities $3,267,787
Net Assets -$562,175
Other
Operated a school
Reported conflict of interest transactions
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Robert Horrocks (Director Or Education Till 06/03/18) $72,254 $0 $0
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $69,647 $0 $0
Beth Murray (Asst. Dir. Of Op. Till 03/02/18) $58,068 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,250 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,125 $0 $0
Karil Stohlman (Principle Starting 6/1/18) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on March 4, 2019

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2017

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$1,988,552
Expenses
$2,197,167
Net Income
-$208,615
Net Assets
-$1,002,336
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $1,977,689
99.5%
Program Services $13,470
0.7%
Investment Income $313
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $575
0.0%
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets -$3,495
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $219,105
10.0%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $662,589
30.2%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $2,403,332
Total Liabilities $3,405,668
Net Assets -$1,002,336
Other
Operated a school
Reported conflict of interest transactions
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $73,549 $0 $0
Robert Horrocks (Director Or Education) $72,511 $0 $0
Beth Murray (Asst. Director Of Operatio) $58,113 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,125 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,125 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,000 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $875 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on April 24, 2018

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2016

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,035,034
Expenses
$1,796,799
Net Income
$238,235
Net Assets
-$793,721
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,019,117
99.2%
Program Services $12,185
0.6%
Investment Income $191
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $3,541
0.2%
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $203,559
11.3%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $587,335
32.7%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $2,195,716
Total Liabilities $2,989,437
Net Assets -$793,721
Other
Operated a school
Reported conflict of interest transactions
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Robert Horrocks (Director Or Education) $68,848 $0 $0
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $67,772 $0 $0
Beth Murray (Asst. Director Of Operatio) $54,428 $0 $0
Jennifer Kolar (President(resigned During Yr)) $8,011 $0 $0
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee/ Board President) $1,125 $0 $0
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $0
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee/ Board Vp) $1,000 $0 $0
Dawn Schippling (Trustee) $625 $0 $0
Roberta Dloniak (Trustee) $625 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 2, 2017

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2015

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,038,127
Expenses
$1,861,761
Net Income
$176,366
Net Assets
-$924,949
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,012,212
98.7%
Program Services $21,664
1.1%
Investment Income $67
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $4,184
0.2%
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $246,272
13.2%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $662,421
35.6%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $1,999,512
Total Liabilities $2,924,461
Net Assets -$924,949
Other
Operated a school
Reported conflict of interest transactions
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Robert Horrocks (Director Or Education) $69,788 $0 $17,649
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $68,147 $0 $13,404
Beth Murray (Asst. Director Of Operatio) $55,432 $0 $14,393
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee) $1,375 $0 $275
Jennifer Kolar (President) $1,375 $0 $275
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,250 $0 $250
Margaret Maclearie (Trustee) $1,000 $0 $200
Stephen C Talkington Sr (Trustee) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Jan. 27, 2016

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2014

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,041,260
Expenses
$1,889,871
Net Income
$151,389
Net Assets
$1,499,675
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,023,148
99.1%
Program Services $13,433
0.7%
Investment Income $91
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $4,588
0.2%
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $279,809
14.8%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $706,128
37.4%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $1,695,580
Total Liabilities $195,905
Net Assets $1,499,675
Other
Operated a school
Reported conflict of interest transactions
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Robert Horrocks (Director Of Education) $72,638 $0 $26,659
Helene Jasinski (Director Of Operations) $67,098 $0 $20,995
Beth Murray (Asst. Dir. Of Operations) $55,836 $0 $23,505
Pam Lemke (Trustee) $1,125 $0 $226
Jennifer Kolar (President) $1,125 $0 $226
Charlene Hopkins Bey (Trustee) $1,000 $0 $8,026
Margaret Macclearie (Trustee) $750 $0 $150
Stephen C Talkington Sr (Trustee) $375 $0 $76
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 3, 2015

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2013

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,074,371
Expenses
$2,016,499
Net Income
$57,872
Net Assets
$1,348,286
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,065,961
99.6%
Program Services $6,471
0.3%
Investment Income $141
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $1,798
0.1%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $267,147
13.2%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $693,769
34.4%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $1,522,390
Total Liabilities $174,104
Net Assets $1,348,286

Document Links

990
Filed on March 14, 2014

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending June
2012

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,051,822
Expenses
$2,022,230
Net Income
$29,592
Net Assets
$1,290,414
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,041,421
99.5%
Program Services $9,971
0.5%
Investment Income $430
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $238,008
11.8%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $846,914
41.9%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $1,481,488
Total Liabilities $191,074
Net Assets $1,290,414

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2011

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$2,253,143
Expenses
$2,028,445
Net Income
$224,698
Net Assets
$1,260,822
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $2,244,896
99.6%
Program Services $7,503
0.3%
Investment Income $744
0.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $0
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $264,796
13.1%
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $868,763
42.8%
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $1,461,720
Total Liabilities $200,898
Net Assets $1,260,822

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2010

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2009

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2008

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2007

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2006

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2005

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2004

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2003

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2002

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending June
2001

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

About This Data

Nonprofit Explorer includes summary data for nonprofit tax returns and full Form 990 documents, in both PDF and digital formats.

The summary data contains information processed by the IRS during the 2012-2019 calendar years; this generally consists of filings for the 2011-2018 fiscal years, but may include older records. This data release includes only a subset of what can be found in the full Form 990s.

In addition to the raw summary data, we link to PDFs and digital copies of full Form 990 documents wherever possible. This consists of separate releases by the IRS of Form 990 documents processed by the agency, which we update regularly.

We also link to copies of audits nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year since 2016. These audits are copied from the Federal Audit Clearinghouse.

Which Organizations Are Here?

Every organization that has been recognized as tax exempt by the IRS has to file Form 990 every year, unless they make less than $200,000 in revenue and have less than $500,000 in assets, in which case they have to file form 990-EZ. Organizations making less than $50,000 don’t have to file either form but do have to let the IRS they’re still in business via a Form 990N "e-Postcard."

Nonprofit Explorer has organizations claiming tax exemption in each of the 27 subsections of the 501(c) section of the tax code, and which have filed a Form 990, Form 990EZ or Form 990PF. Taxable trusts and private foundations that are required to file a form 990PF are also included. Small organizations filing a Form 990N "e-Postcard" are not included in this data.

Types of Nonprofits

There are 27 nonprofit designations based on the numbered subsections of section 501(c) of the tax code. See the list »

Get the Data

For those interested in acquiring the original data from the source, here’s where our data comes from:

  • Raw filing data. Includes EINs and summary financials as structured data.
  • Exempt Organization profiles. Includes organization names, addresses, etc. You can merge this with the raw filing data using EIN numbers.
  • Form 990 documents. Prior to 2017, these documents were obtained and processed by Public.Resource.org and ProPublica. Bulk PDF downloads since 2017 are available from the IRS.
  • Form 990 documents as XML files. Includes complete filing data (financial details, names of officers, tax schedules, etc.) in machine-readable format. Only available for electronically filed documents. Electronic data released prior to October 2021 is also available through Amazon Web Services.
  • Audits. PDFs of single or program-specific audits for nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year. Available for fiscal year 2015 and later.

API

The data powering this website is available programmatically, via an API. Read the API documentation »

Byline

By Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford and Ash Ngu, ProPublica, and Brandon Roberts, Special to ProPublica.
Design by Jeff Frankl. Additional development by Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, and Sisi Wei.

E-file viewer adapted from IRS e-File Viewer by Ben Getson. Code for scraping audit documents adapated from Govwiki.

Updated