Skip to content
ProPublica Donate
ProPublica Donate

Harry Chapple Test Tr

  • San Angelo, TX
  • Tax-exempt since June 2003
  • EIN: 75-6590341

Organization summary

Type of Nonprofit

Designated as a Organizations for any of the following purposes: religious, educational, charitable, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sports competition (as long as it doesn't provide athletic facilities or equipment), or the prevention of cruelty to children or animals.

Category: Philanthropy, Voluntarism and Grantmaking Foundations / Private Independent Foundations (NTEE)

Donations to this organization are tax deductible.

Summary charts: organization finances over time

Revenue
$29.4k (2024)

Expenses
$34.5k (2024)

Total Assets
$905k (2024)

Total Liabilities
$0 (2024)

Source: Form 990 tax filings from 2011 to 2024

Tax Filings by Year

Form 990 is an information return that most organizations claiming federal tax-exempt status must file yearly with the IRS. Nonprofit Explorer has IRS digitized Form 990 data for filings processed in 2012 and later. If this organization filed an amended return, it may not be reflected below. Duplicate download links may indicate a resubmission or amendment to this organization's original return. Form 990 data is from the IRS.

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2024

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$29,380
Expenses
$34,469
Net Income
-$5,089
Net Assets
$904,607
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $29,373
100.0%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $7
0.0%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $904,607
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $904,607
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Casey Barrett (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Sr Vp Trust) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne (Exec Vp Pl) $0 $0 $0
Katherine Peterson (Avp & Trust) $0 $0 $0
Grant Wilde (Avp & Trust) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 18, 2025

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2023

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$27,641
Expenses
$31,768
Net Income
-$4,127
Net Assets
$909,696
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $26,663
96.5%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $978
3.5%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $909,696
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $909,696
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 22, 2024

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2022

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$25,478
Expenses
$30,644
Net Income
-$5,166
Net Assets
$913,823
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $25,320
99.4%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $158
0.6%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $913,823
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $913,823
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 21, 2023

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2021

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$47,718
Expenses
$30,546
Net Income
$17,172
Net Assets
$918,989
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $25,461
53.4%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $22,257
46.6%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $918,989
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $918,989
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 10, 2022

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2020

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$38,315
Expenses
$32,784
Net Income
$5,531
Net Assets
$901,817
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $27,935
72.9%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $10,380
27.1%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $901,817
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $901,817
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 21, 2021

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2019

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$28,827
Expenses
$34,291
Net Income
-$5,464
Net Assets
$896,286
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $28,940
> 100%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets -$113
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $896,286
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $896,286
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on Feb. 27, 2020

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2018

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$42,415
Expenses
$32,011
Net Income
$10,404
Net Assets
$901,750
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $27,295
64.4%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $15,120
35.6%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $901,750
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $901,750
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame Sr Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Casey Barrett (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 23, 2019

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2017

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$48,560
Expenses
$31,555
Net Income
$17,005
Net Assets
$891,346
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $26,633
54.8%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $21,927
45.2%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $891,346
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $891,346
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Attorney) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 9, 2018

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2016

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$34,777
Expenses
$31,305
Net Income
$3,472
Net Assets
$874,341
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $26,327
75.7%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $8,450
24.3%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $874,341
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $874,341
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Attorney) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 10, 2017

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2015

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$25,629
Expenses
$29,385
Net Income
-$3,756
Net Assets
$870,869
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $24,439
95.4%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $1,190
4.6%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $870,869
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $870,869
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Attorney) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 12, 2016

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2014

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$36,667
Expenses
$28,873
Net Income
$7,794
Net Assets
$874,625
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $24,734
67.5%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $11,933
32.5%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $874,625
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $874,625
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Office) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank Preside) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mclaughlin (Bank Directo) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Attorney) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on June 2, 2015

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2013

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$43,777
Expenses
$25,347
Net Income
$18,430
Net Assets
$866,831
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $21,072
48.1%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $22,705
51.9%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $866,831
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $866,831
Compensation
Key Employees and Officers Compensation Related Other
Joe Payne Exec Vp Plan Mgr (Trust Officer) $0 $0 $0
Luke Brame (Trust Officer) $0 $0 $0
David Vann Vp (Trust Officer) $0 $0 $0
Gary Cox (Bank President) $0 $0 $0
J Mark Mc Laughlin (Bank Director) $0 $0 $0
Stanley F Joynton (Attorney) $0 $0 $0
+ View more people

Document Links

990
Filed on May 7, 2014

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

View Filing
PDF XML

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2012

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$27,262
Expenses
$29,089
Net Income
-$1,827
Net Assets
$848,401
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $0
Program Services $0
Investment Income $25,006
91.7%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $2,256
8.3%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $848,401
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $848,401

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2011

Extracted Financial Data

Extracted Financial Data from Form 990
Revenue
$24,272
Expenses
$27,294
Net Income
-$3,022
Net Assets
$850,228
Notable Sources of Revenue Percent of Total Revenue
Contributions $46
0.2%
Program Services $0
Investment Income $23,204
95.6%
Bond Proceeds $0
Royalties $0
Rental Property Income $0
Net Fundraising $0
Sales of Assets $1,022
4.2%
Net Inventory Sales $0
Other Revenue $0
Notable Expenses Percent of Total Expenses
Executive Compensation $0
Professional Fundraising Fees $0
Other Salaries and Wages $0
Assets/Debt
Total Assets $850,228
Total Liabilities $0
Net Assets $850,228

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2010

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2009

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990-EZ

Short form tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2008

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990-EZ

Short form tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2007

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2006

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2005

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2004

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2003

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2002

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF
990-PF

Primary tax return for a private foundation's activities, finances, and governance

PDF

Fiscal Year Ending Dec.
2001

No Extracted Financial Data

Extracted financial data is not available for the forms filed in this tax period, but Form 990 documents are available for download.

Document Links

990

Primary tax return for a nonprofit’s activities, finances, and governance

PDF
990-PF

Primary tax return for a private foundation's activities, finances, and governance

PDF
PDF (2 of 3) PDF (3 of 3)

About This Data

What Is This Data?

Nonprofit Explorer includes summary data for nonprofit tax returns and full Form 990 documents, in both PDF and digital formats.

The summary data contains information processed by the IRS during the 2012-2019 calendar years; this generally consists of filings for the 2011-2018 fiscal years, but may include older records. This data release includes only a subset of what can be found in the full Form 990s.

In addition to the raw summary data, we link to PDFs and digital copies of full Form 990 documents wherever possible. This consists of separate releases by the IRS of Form 990 documents processed by the agency, which we update regularly.

We also link to copies of audits nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year since 2016. These audits are copied from the Federal Audit Clearinghouse.

Which Organizations Are Here?

Every organization that has been recognized as tax exempt by the IRS has to file Form 990 every year, unless they make less than $200,000 in revenue and have less than $500,000 in assets, in which case they have to file form 990-EZ. Organizations making less than $50,000 don’t have to file either form but do have to let the IRS they’re still in business via a Form 990N "e-Postcard."

Nonprofit Explorer has organizations claiming tax exemption in each of the 27 subsections of the 501(c) section of the tax code, and which have filed a Form 990, Form 990EZ or Form 990PF. Taxable trusts and private foundations that are required to file a form 990PF are also included. Small organizations filing a Form 990N "e-Postcard" are not included in this data.

Types of Nonprofits

There are 27 nonprofit designations based on the numbered subsections of section 501(c) of the tax code. See the list »

Get the Data

For those interested in acquiring the original data from the source, here’s where our data comes from:

  • Raw filing data. Includes EINs and summary financials as structured data.
  • Exempt Organization profiles. Includes organization names, addresses, etc. You can merge this with the raw filing data using EIN numbers.
  • Form 990 documents. Prior to 2017, these documents were obtained and processed by Public.Resource.org and ProPublica. Bulk PDF downloads since 2017 are available from the IRS.
  • Form 990 documents as XML files. Includes complete filing data (financial details, names of officers, tax schedules, etc.) in machine-readable format. Only available for electronically filed documents. Electronic data released prior to October 2021 is also available through Amazon Web Services.
  • Audits. PDFs of single or program-specific audits for nonprofit organizations that spent $750,000 or more in Federal grant money in a single fiscal year. Available for fiscal year 2015 and later.

API

The data powering this website is available programmatically, via an API. Read the API documentation »

See an issue with the data?

Contact Us

About Nonprofit Explorer

Nonprofit Explorer

Browse millions of annual returns filed by tax-exempt organizations with ProPublica’s Nonprofit Explorer. See details like executive compensation, revenue, expenses and more. Search for an organization or a person, or search the full text of filings.

By Andrea Suozzo, Alec Glassford, Ash Ngu and Brandon Roberts.

Design by Jeff Frankl. Additional development by Ken Schwencke, Mike Tigas, and Sisi Wei.

E-file viewer adapted from IRS e-File Viewer by Ben Getson. Code for scraping audit documents adapated from Govwiki.

Updated