Toledo Zoological Society — NAGPRA Database

The Repatriation Database Data from Nov. 29, 2023

Where Native American remains reported by the Toledo Zoological Society were taken from

Each county is a peak

Height is the minimum amount of remains taken from county, as reported by institution

Color is reported rate of remains made available for return to tribes

Institution reported no remains taken from these counties

Location of institution

Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, when an institution establishes a connection between tribes and remains, it must publish a list of the tribes eligible to make a repatriation claim. The remains are then made available for return to the tribe(s). Once a tribal claim is made, physical transfer may occur. Many remains have been physically returned to tribes, but data on this is spotty because the law does not require institutions to report when these transfers occur.

Timeline of Native American remains made available for return to tribes by the Toledo Zoological Society

Tribal and institutional capacity, funding, staffing, regulatory changes, audits, Review Committee decisions and litigation may influence timelines. Under NAGPRA, institutions determine whether Native American remains may be returned through cultural affiliation using evidence such as tribal traditional knowledge and biological and archaeological links, or through disposition based on geographic affiliation.

How the Toledo Zoological Society compares to other institutions

The amount of Native American remains still held by institutions ranges widely.

The Toledo Zoological Society made Native American remains available for return to 33 tribes.

Institutions often make remains available for return to multiple tribes, so the amount of remains listed below may be counted for more than one tribe.

Tribe	Remains Made Available for Return To
Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians of the Bad River Reservation, Wisconsin	8
Bay Mills Indian Community, Michigan	8
Bois Forte Band (Nett Lake) of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Chippewa Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's Reservation, Montana	8
Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma	8
Fond du Lac Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Forest County Potawatomi Community, Wisconsin	8
Grand Portage Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, Michigan	8
Hannahville Indian Community, Michigan	8
Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, Michigan	8
Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin	8
Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Michigan	8
Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of the Lac du Flambeau Reservation of Wisconsin	8
Leech Lake Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, Michigan	8
Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Michigan	8
Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan	8
Mille Lacs Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi, Michigan (formerly the Huron Potawatomi, Inc.)	8
Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma	8
Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, Michigan and Indiana	8
Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation	8
Quechan Tribe of the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, California and Arizona	8
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin	8
Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, Minnesota	8
Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan	8
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, Michigan	8
Sokaogon Chippewa Community, Wisconsin	8
St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin	8
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota	8
White Earth Band of Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, Minnesota	8
Wyandotte Nation	8

The Toledo Zoological Society reported no funerary objects associated with the Native American remains.

Search for institutions holding Native American remains and tribes seeking to reclaim them

Try the University of California, Berkeley, the Chickasaw Nation or Arizona.

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed.

More from The Repatriation Project

America’s Biggest Museums Fail to Return Native American Human Remains

The Museum Built on Native American Burial Mounds

Behind ProPublica’s Reporting on Repatriation

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About the Data

This tool presents a dataset maintained by the National Park Service containing all the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects that institutions have reported to the federal government under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The dataset includes information about the state and county where remains and objects were taken from, which institutions hold them and whether they have been made available for return to tribes.

The data is self-reported by institutions. The amount of unrepatriated Native American remains reported by institutions is a minimum estimate of individuals and institutions frequently adjust these numbers when they reinventory groups of remains. Some institutions that are subject to NAGPRA have also entirely failed to report the remains in their possession. As a result, the numbers provided are best taken as estimates. The actual number and geographic scope of what’s held by publicly funded institutions is larger than what is presently documented.

ProPublica supplemented this dataset with information about cultural affiliation and disposition to specific tribes by systematically parsing the text of Notices of Inventory Completion published in the Federal Register. An additional dataset from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Tribal Directory Assessment Tool, was used for the section on remains not made available for return from counties that each tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government.

Institution location and tribal headquarters location information was provided by National NAGPRA. The location of some groups that are not federally recognized was provided through research by ProPublica.

Institutions that are part of a larger entity are grouped. (For example, the Mesa Verde National Park is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior.)

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed. The Smithsonian Institution is not listed because its repatriation process falls under the National Museum of the American Indian Act and it is not required to publicly report its holdings with the same detail as institutions subject to NAGPRA.

If you work for an institution and would like to provide comment on your institution’s repatriation efforts, please email [email protected]. If you think the data is incorrect or have a data request, please get in touch. We are aware of some issues with the accuracy of location information and tribes mistakenly being identified for disposition of Native American remains in published notices.

If you want to share something else with ProPublica, we’d like to hear from you.

If you have questions about implementing or complying with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, get in touch with National NAGPRA or the NAGPRA Community of Practice.

We use the word “tribes” to refer to all groups that institutions made Native American remains available to under NAGPRA. This includes tribes, nations, bands, pueblos, communities, Native Alaskan villages, Native Hawaiian organizations and non-federally recognized groups.

Data sources from Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National NAGPRA Program, the Federal Register, Department of Housing and Development, Tribal Directory Assessment Tool

by Ash Ngu and Andrea Suozzo Jan. 11, 2023 Data from Nov. 29, 2023 Additional reporting by Asia Fields, Mary Hudetz and Logan Jaffe for ProPublica and Graham Brewer for NBC News. Additional development by Alec Glassford.