The Repatriation Database Data from Nov. 29, 2023

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

2 subunits · Located in Tennessee · Read the institution’s response

The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville has the 6th largest collection of unrepatriated Native American remains in the U.S. The institution reported still having the remains of at least 3,900 Native Americans that it has not made available for return to tribes.

The institution has made available for return 37% of the more than 6,200 Native American remains that it reported to the federal government.

remains of 2,329 Native Americans made available for return to tribes

remains of at least 3,929 Native Americans not made available for return

Where Native American remains reported by the Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville were taken from

Each county is a peak

Height is the minimum amount of remains taken from county, as reported by institution

Color is reported rate of remains made available for return to tribes

Institution reported no remains taken from these counties

Location of institution

Note: The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville reported remains of at least 37 Native Americans with no location information. 0% of these remains were made available for return to tribes.

Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, when an institution establishes a connection between tribes and remains, it must publish a list of the tribes eligible to make a repatriation claim. The remains are then made available for return to the tribe(s). Once a tribal claim is made, physical transfer may occur. Many remains have been physically returned to tribes, but data on this is spotty because the law does not require institutions to report when these transfers occur.

Timeline of Native American remains made available for return to tribes by the Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville

Tribal and institutional capacity, funding, staffing, regulatory changes, audits, Review Committee decisions and litigation may influence timelines. Under NAGPRA, institutions determine whether Native American remains may be returned through cultural affiliation using evidence such as tribal traditional knowledge and biological and archaeological links, or through disposition based on geographic affiliation.

How the Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville compares to other institutions

The amount of Native American remains still held by institutions ranges widely.

The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville made Native American remains available for return to 10 tribes.

Institutions often make remains available for return to multiple tribes, so the amount of remains listed below may be counted for more than one tribe.

Tribe	Remains Made Available for Return To
Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota	2,146
Chickasaw Nation	171
Cherokee Nation	170
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians	170
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma	170
Kaw Nation, Oklahoma	8
Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma	2
Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska	2
Sac and Fox Nation, Oklahoma	2
Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa	2

The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville reported Native American remains from two sub-institutions.

Sub-institution	Remains Not Made Available for Return	Remains Made Available for Return	% of Remains Made Available for Return
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Frank H. McClung Museum	2,782	1	0%
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Dept. of Anthropology	1,147	2,328	67%

The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville reported making 21% of more than 72,100 associated funerary objects available for return to tribes.

The funerary objects were taken along with Native American remains reported by the institution.

15,148 associated funerary objects made available for return to tribes

at least 56,999 associated funerary objects not made available for return

The Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville’s response:

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, is committed to fulfilling its obligations under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) through consultations with appropriate Tribal communities and through the return of ancestral human remains and cultural objects to those individuals, Tribes, and organizations who have requested these remains and objects and have the right to them. Over the last six years, the University has continued to build a program that underscores our commitment to NAGPRA. We are actively building relationships with and consulting with Tribal communities. This work is important, and we are dedicated to continuing to make progress.

— Kerry Gardner, Assistant Director of News and Information

Search for institutions holding Native American remains and tribes seeking to reclaim them

Try the University of California, Berkeley, the Chickasaw Nation or Arizona.

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed.

More from The Repatriation Project

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Behind ProPublica’s Reporting on Repatriation

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About the Data

This tool presents a dataset maintained by the National Park Service containing all the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects that institutions have reported to the federal government under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The dataset includes information about the state and county where remains and objects were taken from, which institutions hold them and whether they have been made available for return to tribes.

The data is self-reported by institutions. The amount of unrepatriated Native American remains reported by institutions is a minimum estimate of individuals and institutions frequently adjust these numbers when they reinventory groups of remains. Some institutions that are subject to NAGPRA have also entirely failed to report the remains in their possession. As a result, the numbers provided are best taken as estimates. The actual number and geographic scope of what’s held by publicly funded institutions is larger than what is presently documented.

ProPublica supplemented this dataset with information about cultural affiliation and disposition to specific tribes by systematically parsing the text of Notices of Inventory Completion published in the Federal Register. An additional dataset from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Tribal Directory Assessment Tool, was used for the section on remains not made available for return from counties that each tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government.

Institution location and tribal headquarters location information was provided by National NAGPRA. The location of some groups that are not federally recognized was provided through research by ProPublica.

Institutions that are part of a larger entity are grouped. (For example, the Mesa Verde National Park is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior.)

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed. The Smithsonian Institution is not listed because its repatriation process falls under the National Museum of the American Indian Act and it is not required to publicly report its holdings with the same detail as institutions subject to NAGPRA.

If you work for an institution and would like to provide comment on your institution’s repatriation efforts, please email [email protected]. If you think the data is incorrect or have a data request, please get in touch. We are aware of some issues with the accuracy of location information and tribes mistakenly being identified for disposition of Native American remains in published notices.

If you want to share something else with ProPublica, we’d like to hear from you.

If you have questions about implementing or complying with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, get in touch with National NAGPRA or the NAGPRA Community of Practice.

We use the word “tribes” to refer to all groups that institutions made Native American remains available to under NAGPRA. This includes tribes, nations, bands, pueblos, communities, Native Alaskan villages, Native Hawaiian organizations and non-federally recognized groups.

Data sources from Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National NAGPRA Program, the Federal Register, Department of Housing and Development, Tribal Directory Assessment Tool

by Ash Ngu and Andrea Suozzo Jan. 11, 2023 Data from Nov. 29, 2023 Additional reporting by Asia Fields, Mary Hudetz and Logan Jaffe for ProPublica and Graham Brewer for NBC News. Additional development by Alec Glassford.