Lower Sioux Indian Community Repatriation Records — NAGPRA Database

The Repatriation Database Data from Nov. 29, 2023

Where Native American remains made available for return to the Lower Sioux Indian Community were taken from

Each county is a peak

Height is amount of remains taken from county and made available by institutions for return to tribe

No remains taken from these counties made available for return to tribe

Institution that made remains available for return

Note: Remains of 23 Native Americans with no location information were made available for return to the Lower Sioux Indian Community.

Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, when an institution establishes a connection between tribes and remains, it must publish a list of the tribes eligible to make a repatriation claim. The remains are then made available for return to the tribe(s). Once a tribal claim is made, physical transfer may occur. Many remains have been physically returned to tribes, but data on this is spotty because the law does not require institutions to report when these transfers occur.

These 27 institutions made Native American remains available for return to the Lower Sioux Indian Community.

Institution	Remains Made Available for Return To Tribe
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council	1,653
University of Iowa, Office of the State Archaeologist	280
State Historical Society of Iowa	143
Beloit College, Logan Museum of Anthropology	107
Wisconsin Historical Society	87
South Dakota State Historical Society, State Archaeological Research Center	70
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Department of Anthropology	61
U.S. Department of the Interior	60
U.S. Department of Defense	38
University of Denver, Museum of Anthropology	35
Denver Museum of Nature and Science	20
Carter County Museum	14
University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh	13
Coe College	7
University of Connecticut, Connecticut State Museum of Natural History	5
Mutter Museum, College of Physicians of Philadelphia	2
Oregon State University	2
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Anthropology	2
American Museum of Natural History	1
Field Museum	1
Grand Rapids Public Museum	1
Harvard University	1
History Colorado	1
Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology, Phillips Academy	1
Sheboygan County Historical Museum	1
State Historical Society of North Dakota	1
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology	1

Timeline of Native American remains made available for return to the Lower Sioux Indian Community

Tribal and institutional capacity, funding, staffing, regulatory changes, audits, Review Committee decisions and litigation may influence timelines. Under NAGPRA, institutions determine whether Native American remains may be returned through cultural affiliation using evidence such as tribal traditional knowledge and biological and archaeological links, or through disposition based on geographic affiliation.

These institutions have not made available for return the remains of at least 2,100 Native Americans that were taken from counties known to be of interest to the Lower Sioux Indian Community.

These are estimates calculated using remains not made available for return from counties that the tribe has previously been eligible to claim remains from, as well as counties that the tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government. They are not comprehensive figures. The tribe may not wish to claim the remains, and other tribes may also seek to claim them.

Institution	Remains Not Made Available for Return That Were Taken From Counties of Interest to the Tribe
Milwaukee Public Museum	532
Illinois State Museum	390
Harvard Univ.	204
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign	133
Univ. of Wisconsin, Oshkosh	130
Wisconsin Historical Society	88 Museum Division (51) Historic Preservation Division (37)
Dept. of Defense	77 Rock Island District (72) National Museum of Health and Medicine (2) St. Paul District (2) Omaha District (1)
Minnesota Indian Affairs Council	76
Oshkosh Public Museum	55
Indiana Univ.	53
Univ. of Wisconsin, La Crosse	49
Trinidad State Junior College	46
Center for American Archeology, Kampsville Archeological Center	45
Univ. of Iowa	42
Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth	38
South Dakota State Historical Society, State Archaeological Research Center	31
Neville Public Museum	26
Dept. of the Interior	25 Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge (15) Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge (4) Trempealeau National Wildlife Refuge (3) Voyageurs NP (3)
American Museum of Natural History	23
Lawrence Univ.	22
Grand Rapids Public Museum	16
Univ. of Nebraska State Museum	12
Univ. of Wyoming	7
Ball State Univ.	6
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville	6 Dept. of Anthropology (5) Frank H. McClung Museum (1)
Goodhue County Historical Society	5
Kenosha Public Museum	5
Field Museum	4
Elgin Public Museum	3
Brigham Young Univ.	2
Hastings Museum	2
Minnesota Historical Society	2
Rochester Museum and Science Center	2
Univ. of Michigan	2
Univ. of Missouri, Columbia	2
Carnegie Museum of Natural History	1
Denver Museum of Nature and Science	1
Florida State Univ.	1
Montana Historical Society	1
New York Univ.	1
Putnam Museum	1
Springfield Science Museum	1
Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer	1
Univ. of California, Berkeley	1
Univ. of Pennsylvania	1
Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwaukee	1

Counties of interest used in estimate include: Adams, Baca, Crowley, Douglas, Elbert, Huerfano, Jefferson, Kiowa, Las Animas, Lincoln, Prowers and Weld in Colorado. Allamakee, Boone, Buena Vista, Butler, Cass, Cerro Gordo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Clay, Clayton, Clinton, Crawford, Dallas, Dickinson, Dubuque, Emmet, Fayette, Floyd, Franklin, Fremont, Hamilton, Hancock, Hardin, Howard, Humboldt, Ida, Jackson, Jefferson, Jones, Kossuth, Lee, Louisa, Lyon, Marion, Mills, Mitchell, Monona, Muscatine, O Brien, O'brien, Osceola, Page, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Pocahontas, Polk, Pottawattamie, Sioux, Story, Webster, Winnebago, Winneshiek, Woodbury, Worth and Wright in Iowa. Hancock, Henderson, Jo Daviess, Kane, La Salle, Rock Island and Winnebago in Illinois. Delaware in Indiana. Aitkin, Anoka, Becker, Beltrami, Benton, Big Stone, Blue Earth, Brown, Carver, Cass, Chippewa, Chisago, Clay, Clearwater, Cottonwood, Crow Wing, Dakota, Dodge, Douglas, Faribault, Fillmore, Freeborn, Goodhue, Grant, Hennepin, Houston, Isanti, Itasca, Jackson, Kanabec, Kandiyohi, Kittson, Koochiching, Lac Qui Parle, Le Sueur, Lincoln, Lyon, Marshall, Martin, Mcleod, Meeker, Mille Lacs, Mower, Murray, Nicollet, Nobles, Norman, Olmsted, Otter Tail, Pipestone, Polk, Pope, Ramsey, Red Lake, Redwood, Renville, Rice, Rock, Scott, Sherburne, Sibley, St. Louis, Stearns, Steele, Stevens, Swift, Todd, Traverse, Wabasha, Wadena, Waseca, Washington, Watonwan, Wilkin, Winona, Wright and Yellow Medicine in Minnesota. Big Horn, Carter and Fallon in Montana. Douglas, Dundy, Morrill, Nance, Sarpy and Sioux in Nebraska. Brown, Buffalo, Clark, Crawford, Door, Dunn, Eau Claire, Forest, Grant, Green Lake, Jackson, Jefferson, Kenosha, La Crosse, Marathon, Milwaukee, Monroe, Oneida, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Richland, Rock, Sheboygan, St. Croix, Trempealeau, Vernon, Waukesha and Winnebago in Wisconsin.

Search for institutions holding Native American remains and tribes seeking to reclaim them

Try the University of California, Berkeley, the Chickasaw Nation or Arizona.

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed.

These tribes were also listed when institutions culturally affiliated Native American remains to the Lower Sioux Indian Community. Institutions often make remains available for return to multiple tribes, so the amount of remains listed below may be counted for more than one tribe.

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About the Data

This tool presents a dataset maintained by the National Park Service containing all the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects that institutions have reported to the federal government under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The dataset includes information about the state and county where remains and objects were taken from, which institutions hold them and whether they have been made available for return to tribes.

The data is self-reported by institutions. The amount of unrepatriated Native American remains reported by institutions is a minimum estimate of individuals and institutions frequently adjust these numbers when they reinventory groups of remains. Some institutions that are subject to NAGPRA have also entirely failed to report the remains in their possession. As a result, the numbers provided are best taken as estimates. The actual number and geographic scope of what’s held by publicly funded institutions is larger than what is presently documented.

ProPublica supplemented this dataset with information about cultural affiliation and disposition to specific tribes by systematically parsing the text of Notices of Inventory Completion published in the Federal Register. An additional dataset from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Tribal Directory Assessment Tool, was used for the section on remains not made available for return from counties that each tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government.

Institution location and tribal headquarters location information was provided by National NAGPRA. The location of some groups that are not federally recognized was provided through research by ProPublica.

Institutions that are part of a larger entity are grouped. (For example, the Mesa Verde National Park is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior.)

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed. The Smithsonian Institution is not listed because its repatriation process falls under the National Museum of the American Indian Act and it is not required to publicly report its holdings with the same detail as institutions subject to NAGPRA.

If you work for an institution and would like to provide comment on your institution’s repatriation efforts, please email [email protected]. If you think the data is incorrect or have a data request, please get in touch. We are aware of some issues with the accuracy of location information and tribes mistakenly being identified for disposition of Native American remains in published notices.

If you want to share something else with ProPublica, we’d like to hear from you.

If you have questions about implementing or complying with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, get in touch with National NAGPRA or the NAGPRA Community of Practice.

We use the word “tribes” to refer to all groups that institutions made Native American remains available to under NAGPRA. This includes tribes, nations, bands, pueblos, communities, Native Alaskan villages, Native Hawaiian organizations and non-federally recognized groups.

Data sources from Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National NAGPRA Program, the Federal Register, Department of Housing and Development, Tribal Directory Assessment Tool

by Ash Ngu and Andrea Suozzo Jan. 11, 2023 Data from Nov. 29, 2023 Additional reporting by Asia Fields, Mary Hudetz and Logan Jaffe for ProPublica and Graham Brewer for NBC News. Additional development by Alec Glassford.