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The Repatriation Database Data from Nov. 29, 2023

Nipmuc Nation

A nonfederally recognized Indian group with headquarters in Massachusetts

Institutions reported making the remains of more than 100 Native Americans available for return to the Nipmuc Nation.

The group was also eligible to claim six associated funerary objects.

Institutions continue to hold the remains of 49 Native Americans taken from counties known to be of interest to the group.*

Where Native American remains made available for return to the Nipmuc Nation were taken from

Each county is a peak
Height is amount of remains taken from county and made available by institutions for return to group
No remains taken from these counties made available for return to group
Institution that made remains available for return
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Note: Remains of one Native American with no location information were made available for return to the Nipmuc Nation.
Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, when an institution establishes a connection between tribes and remains, it must publish a list of the tribes eligible to make a repatriation claim. The remains are then made available for return to the tribe(s). Once a tribal claim is made, physical transfer may occur. Many remains have been physically returned to tribes, but data on this is spotty because the law does not require institutions to report when these transfers occur.

These five institutions made Native American remains available for return to the Nipmuc Nation.

InstitutionRemains Made Available for Return To Group
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Anthropology90
Harvard University8
Amherst College, Beneski Museum of Natural History5
Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology, Phillips Academy4
Boston University2

Timeline of Native American remains made available for return to the Nipmuc Nation

Tribal and institutional capacity, funding, staffing, regulatory changes, audits, Review Committee decisions and litigation may influence timelines. Under NAGPRA, institutions determine whether Native American remains may be returned through cultural affiliation using evidence such as tribal traditional knowledge and biological and archaeological links, or through disposition based on geographic affiliation.

These institutions have not made available for return the remains of at least 49 Native Americans that were taken from counties known to be of interest to the Nipmuc Nation.

These are estimates calculated using remains not made available for return from counties that the group has previously been eligible to claim remains from, as well as counties that the group has indicated interest in to the federal government. They are not comprehensive figures. The group may not wish to claim the remains, and other tribes may also seek to claim them.
InstitutionRemains Not Made Available for Return That Were Taken From Counties of Interest to the Group
Springfield Science Museum25
American Museum of Natural History8
Yale Univ.7
Brown Univ.3
Peabody Essex Museum2
Marblehead Historical Society1
Univ. of New Hampshire1
Univ. of Pennsylvania1
Worcester Historical Museum1
Counties of interest used in estimate include: Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middlesex and Worcester in Massachusetts.
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About the Data

This tool presents a dataset maintained by the National Park Service containing all the Native American human remains and associated funerary objects that institutions have reported to the federal government under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. The dataset includes information about the state and county where remains and objects were taken from, which institutions hold them and whether they have been made available for return to tribes.

The data is self-reported by institutions. The amount of unrepatriated Native American remains reported by institutions is a minimum estimate of individuals and institutions frequently adjust these numbers when they reinventory groups of remains. Some institutions that are subject to NAGPRA have also entirely failed to report the remains in their possession. As a result, the numbers provided are best taken as estimates. The actual number and geographic scope of what’s held by publicly funded institutions is larger than what is presently documented.

ProPublica supplemented this dataset with information about cultural affiliation and disposition to specific tribes by systematically parsing the text of Notices of Inventory Completion published in the Federal Register. An additional dataset from the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Tribal Directory Assessment Tool, was used for the section on remains not made available for return from counties that each tribe has indicated interest in to the federal government.

Institution location and tribal headquarters location information was provided by National NAGPRA. The location of some groups that are not federally recognized was provided through research by ProPublica.

Institutions that are part of a larger entity are grouped. (For example, the Mesa Verde National Park is part of the U.S. Department of the Interior.)

Institutions that have not submitted information to the federal government are not listed. The Smithsonian Institution is not listed because its repatriation process falls under the National Museum of the American Indian Act and it is not required to publicly report its holdings with the same detail as institutions subject to NAGPRA.

If you work for an institution and would like to provide comment on your institution’s repatriation efforts, please email [email protected]. If you think the data is incorrect or have a data request, please get in touch. We are aware of some issues with the accuracy of location information and tribes mistakenly being identified for disposition of Native American remains in published notices.

If you want to share something else with ProPublica, we’d like to hear from you.

If you have questions about implementing or complying with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, get in touch with National NAGPRA or the NAGPRA Community of Practice.

We use the word “tribes” to refer to all groups that institutions made Native American remains available to under NAGPRA. This includes tribes, nations, bands, pueblos, communities, Native Alaskan villages, Native Hawaiian organizations and non-federally recognized groups.

Data sources from Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National NAGPRA Program, the Federal Register, Department of Housing and Development, Tribal Directory Assessment Tool